Environmental Analysis
As a sub-field of chemical analysis, environmental analysis focuses in particular on the qualitative and quantitative examination of substances from the environment. With today's analytical instruments, it is possible to take samples from the areas under investigation (air, soil and water) and separate them into their different substances.
The separation of substances is carried out using chromatographs, which apply different techniques depending on the substance to be analyzed:
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Liquid chromatography (LC = liquid chromatography or HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography)
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Gas chromatography (GC = gas chromatography)
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Ion chromatography (IC = ion chromatography)
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The following analytical instruments are used for the subsequent determination and identification:
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Atomic absorption spectrometer = AAS, for determining heavy metals
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Fluorescence spectroscopy, for determining organic substances
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Mass spectrometry = MS
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UV/VIS spectroscopy, for determining organic substances
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Water analysis is an important sub-field of environmental analysis. The parameters and substances that characterize the condition of a body of water are diverse. For example, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) can be determined using a cuvette rapid test, while the total oxygen demand (TOD) is usually determined using an automated measuring method.
Questions about water quality often concern contamination by heavy metals, germs or pharmaceutical residues. The atomic absorption spectrometer is used to analyze metals and metalloids. One of the advantages of mass spectrometers is that they can be coupled relatively easily to an HPLC system or a gas chromatograph, so that the various mass spectra can be obtained one after the other.
The fields of application for chromatography are therefore diverse. In addition to environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, food chemistry, life sciences and biotechnology also use this method.
Leading manufacturers of chromatographs include Agilent, Dionex and Waters Alliance.